《协会保险条款诠释》
－第一编 新保险条款简介

第四编第5章 运费保险

第5章 运费保险

(Freight Insurance)

 

运费保险的法律相当复杂和疑难。当考虑船舶和货物时，人们是在处理有形财产（tangible property）。另一方面，运费所指何物远为困难，曾被描述为“船东使用其船舶获取的利益”(the benefit derived by the Ship-owner from the employment of his ship)（见Flint v. Flemyng[1]）

 

保险单解释规则第16条（1906年《海上保险法》附件1）对运费的定义如下：

“The term ‘freight’ includes a profit derivable by a ship-owner from the employment of his ship to carry his own goods or movables, as well as freight payable by a third party, but does not include passage money.”

 

“‘运费’术语包括船东从使用其船舶运送他自已的货物或动产获取的利益，以及应由第三方支付的运费，但不包括船票款。”

 

承租人或货主对预付运费有保险利益，就其在货物灭失的情况下免付（运费）而言，此为1906年《海上保险法》第12条确认。此种预付运费无意于成为协会运费保险条款的保险标的，而更适合作为货物价值的一部分承保。

 

A．1995年11月1日协会船舶运费定期保险条款(Institute Time Clauses, Freight)

 

This insurance is subject to English law and practice.

本保险受英国法律和惯例制约。

 

此项规定的效果已在评论协会船舶定期保险条款时讨论过（见第90至91页）。

 

第1条       航行条款（Navigation）

 

1 NAVIGATION

1.1   The Vessel has leave to dock and undock, to go into graving dock, to sail or navigate with or without pilots, to go on trial trips and to assist and tow vessels or craft in distress, but it is warranted that the Vessel shall not be towed, except as is customary or to the first safe port or place when in need of assistance, or undertake towage or salvage services under a contract previously arranged by the Assured and/or Owners and/or Managers and/or Charterers. This Clause 1 shall not exclude customary towage in connection with loading and discharging.

1.2   This insurance shall not be prejudiced by reason of the Assured entering into any contract with pilots or for customary towage which limits or exempts the liability of the pilots and/or tugs and /or towboats and /or their owners when the Assured or their agents accept or are compelled to accept such contracts in accordance with established local law or practice.

1.3   The practice of engaging helicopters for the transportation of personnel, supplies and equipment to and/or from the Vessel shall not prejudice this insurance.

 

1．航海

1.1    保险船舶允许在有或没有引航员的情况下靠离码头，进干船坞，开航或航行，试航及协助，拖带遇险船舶或驳船，但保证保险船舶不得被拖带，除非是习惯性的，或当需要协助时被拖带至第一个安全港口或地点，也不得根据被保险人，船舶所有人，管理人和/或承租人事先安排的合同，从事拖带或救助服务。但本1.1款不排除与装卸有关的习惯性拖带。

 

1.2    本保险不因被保险人签订限制或免除引航员和/或拖船和/或其所有人责任的引航或习惯性拖带的任何合同而受损害，如果被保险人或其代理人根据限定的当地法律或习惯接受或被迫接受此种合同。

 

1.3    雇用直升飞机向保险船舶运送和/或从保险船舶运出人员，供应品或设备，不损害本保险。

 

第1条包括三款，与前面已经讨论的1995年11月1日协会船舶定期保险条款第1.1, 1.2, 1.3款内容相似。惟一的区别在于第1.1款，用“允许靠离码头，进干船坞”取代“在所有时间”(in all time).

 

因为1983年格式将需要协助时的拖带限于“第一个安全港口或地点”引入本条款，以便使船舶保险条款和运费保险条款相符。

 

第2条       驳船风险条款(Craft Risk)

 

2 CRAFT RISK

  Including risk of craft and/or lighter to and from the Vessel.

包括自保险船舶过驳至驳船以及自驳船过驳至保险船舶的风险。

 

货物在运输过程中过驳至海船或自海船过驳至驳船发生部分损失或全损，会导致船东丧失运费，“驳船风险”明确规定承保此种风险。如今在载运驳船中(LASH. 即Lighter aboard ship 的缩写，又译为子母船。)驳船风险条款相当重要。

 

第3条       延续条款(Continuation)

 

3 CONTINUATION

  Should the Vessel at the expiration of this insurance be at sea and in distress or missing, the subject-matter insured shall, provided notice be given to the Underwriters prior to the expiration of this insurance, be held covered until arrival of the Vessel at the next port in good safety, or in port and in distress until the Vessel is made safe, at a pro rata monthly premium.

 

3  延续。

如果在本保险期间届满时，保险船舶在海上遇险或失踪，若在本保险期限届满以前通知保险人，船舶将被继续承保，直至安全抵达下一个港口；或者如果保险船舶在港内并遇险，则直至保险船舶变得安全时，超期保险费按月比例支付。

 

本条反映了在1995年11月1日协会船舶定期保险条款第2条作出的修改。见第94至95页。

 

第4条       违反保证条款(Breach of Warranty)

 

4 BREACH OF WARRANTY

  Held covered in case of any breach of any breach of warranty as to cargo, trade, locality, towage, salvage services or date of sailing, provided notice be given to the Underwriters immediately after receipt of advice and any amended terms of cover and any additional premium required by them be agreed.

 

4 违反保证

当任何有关货物、贸易、船位、拖带、救助服务或开航日期的保证被违反时，若被保险人知悉后立即通知保险人，并同意保险人要求的承保险条款的任何修改及附加保险费，本保险续继有效。

 

本条与协会船舶定期保险条款第3条相同，1995年格式未作改变。

 

第5条       船级条款(Classification)

 

5 CLASSIFICATION

  5.1 It is the duty of the Assured, Owners and Managers at the inception of and throughout the period of this insurance to ensure that

  5.1.1 the Vessel is classed with a Classification Society agreed by the Underwriters and that her class within that Society is maintained,

  5.1.2 any recommendations requirements or restrictions imposed by the Vessel’s Classification Society which relate to the Vessel’s seaworthiness or to her maintenance in a seaworthy condition are complied with by the dates required by that Society.

  5.2 In the event of any breach of the duties set out in Clause 5.1 above, unless the Underwriters agree to the contrary in writing, they will be discharged from liability under this insurance as from the date of the breach, provided that if the Vessel is at sea at such date the Underwriters’ discharge from liability is deferred until arrival at her next port.

  5.3 Any incident condition or damage in respect of which the Vessel’s Classification Society might make recommendations as to repairs or other action to be taken by the Assured, Owners or Managers must be promptly reported to the Classification Society.

  5.4 Should the Underwriters wish to approach the Classification Society directly for information and/or documents, the Assured will provided the necessary authorization.

 

5 船级

  5.1 被保险人、船舶所有人和管理人有义务在本保险责任开始和整个保险期间保证：

 

  5.1.1 保险船舶在保险人同意的船级社入级并维持该船级社的船级；

 

  5.1.2 该船级社提出的有关船舶适航性或维持其适航条件的任何建议，要求或限制，应在该船级社要求的日期前执行。

 

  5.2 倘若发生对上述第5.1款规定的义务的任何违反，除非保险人另行书面同意，保险人得自违反之日起解除根据本保险的责任，但若当时保险船舶尚在海上，保险人延至其抵达下一港口时解除责任。

 

  5.3 对船级社可能建议被保险人修理或采取其他措施的任何事件、条款、损害，船舶所有人或管理人必须迅速报告船级社。

 

  5.4 如果保险人要求直接向船级社取得信息和/或文件，被保险人应提供必要的授权。

 

本条是1995年引入的，与1995年11月1日协会船舶定期保险条款第4条相同。见第95至97页的评论。

 

第6条       终止条款(Termination)

 

6 TERMINATION

  This Clause 6 shall prevail notwithstanding any provision whether written typed or printed in this insurance inconsistent therewith.

  Unless the Underwriters agree to the contrary in writing, this insurance shall terminate automatically at the time of

  6.1 change of the Classification Society of the Vessel, or change, suspension, discontinuance, withdrawal or expiry of her Class therein, or any of the Classification Society’s periodic surveys becoming overdue unless an extension of time for such survey be agreed by the Classification Society, provided that if the Vessel is at sea such automatic termination shall be deferred until arrival at her next port. However where such change, suspension, discontinuance or withdrawal of her Class or where a periodic survey becoming overdue has resulted from loss or damage covered by Clause 7 of this insurance or which would be covered by an insurance of the Vessel subject to current Institute Time Clauses Hulls or Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls-Time such automatic termination shall only operate should the Vessel sail from her next port without the prior approval of the Classification Society or in the case of a periodic survey becoming overdue without the Classification Society having agreed an extension of time for such survey,

  6.2 any change, voluntary or otherwise, in the ownership or flag, transfer to new management, or charter on a bareboat basis, or requisition for title or use of the Vessel, provided that, if the Vessel has cargo on board and has already sailed from her loading port or is at sea in ballast, such automatic termination shall if required be deferred, whilst the Vessel continues her planned voyage, until arrival at final port of discharge if with cargo or at port of destination if in ballast. However, in the event of requisition for title or sue without the prior execution of a written agreement by the Assured, such automatic termination shall occur fifteen days after such requisition whether the Vessel is at sea or in port.

A pro rata daily net return of premium shall be made provided that a total loss of the Vessel, whether by insured perils or otherwise, has not occurred during the period covered by this insurance or any extension thereof.

 

6 终止

本保险的任何条款，不论是手写的，打印的还是印刷的，凡与本条不一致时，均以本条为准。

 

除非保险人书面另行同意，本保险在下列情况发生时自动终止：

 

6.1 保险船舶的船级社变更，或其船级变更，暂停、终止、撤回或期满、或船级社的定期检验过期，除非船级社同意延期进行此种检验，但如果船舶在海上，此种自动终止应延迟到船舶抵达下一港口时。然而，如果此种船级变更、暂停、终止、撤回、或定期检验过期，是由本保险第6条承保的灭失或损害造成的，或者是由根据现行协会船舶战争险和罢工险定期保险条款承保的灭失或损害引起的，此种自动终止，仅于船舶未经船级社事先同意在下一港口开航时，或在定期检验过期的情况下，船级社未同意延期进行此种检验时，方始生效。

 

6.2 自愿或以其他方式变更船舶所有权或船旗，转让给新的管理人、光船出租或被征购、征用，但如果船上载有货物且已从装货港开航，或在海上空载航行，经要求，此种自动终止应延迟，直至船舶继续其计划航程，载货船舶到达最后卸货港为止，空载船舶到达目的港为止。不过，如果征购、征用未事先与被保险人签订书面协议，那么无论船舶是在海上还是在港内，此种自动终止将在船舶被征用后15天开始生效。

 

净保险费按日比例退还，但以在本保险承保期间或其延展期间保险船舶未发生全损为条件，不论全损是否由承保危险造成。

 

本第6条与1995年11月1日协会船舶定期保险条款的相应条款相同。受限制性条件(Restricted Condition)诸如，针对全损风险、共同海损和3/4碰撞责任的制约，见第159页。1995年11月1日格式与1983年10月1日格式之间的区别，已在协会船舶定期保险条款的基本格式条文中考虑，见第97页至100页。

 

第7条 危险条款(Perils)

 

7 PERILS

  7.1 This insurance covers loss of the subject-matter insured caused by

  7.1.1 perils of the seas rivers lakes or other navigable waters

  7.1.2 fire, explosion

  7.1.3 violent theft by persons from outside the Vessel

  7.1.4 jettison

  7.1.5 piracy

  7.1.6 contact with land conveyance, dock or harbour equipment or installation

  7.1.7 earthquake volcanic eruption or lightning

  7.1.8 accidents in loading discharging or shifting cargo or fuel.

  7.2 This insurance covers loss of the subject-matter insured caused by

  7.2.1 bursting of boilers breakage of shafts or any latent defect in the machinery or hull

  7.2.2 negligence of Master Officers Crew or Pilots

  7.2.3 negligence of repairers or charterers provided such repairers or charterers are not an Assured hereunder

  7.2.4 barratry of Master Officers or Crew

  7.2.5 contact with aircraft, helicopters or similar objects or objects falling therefrom

 provided such loss has not resulted from want of due diligence by the Assured, Owners, Managers or Superintendents or any of their onshore management.

  7.3 Masters Officers Crew or Pilots not to be considered Owners within the meaning of this Clause 7 should they hold shares in the Vessel.

 

7 危险

  7.1 本保险承保下列原因造成的保险标的的灭失：

  7.1.1 海上、江河、湖泊或其他可航水域的危险

  7.1.2 火灾、爆炸

  7.1.3 来自保险船舶外的人员的暴力盗窃

  7.1.4 抛弃

  7.1.5 海盗

  7.1.6 与陆上运输工具、码头或港口设备、设施接触

  7.1.7 地震、火山爆发或闪电

  7.1.8 装卸或搬移货物或燃料过程中的意外事故

  7.2 本保险承保下列原因造成的保险标的的灭失

  7.2.1 锅炉破裂、尾轴断裂，或者机器、船壳的潜在缺陷

  7.2.2 船长、高级船员、船员或引航员的过失

  7.2.3 修船人或承租人的过失，如果此种修船人或承租人不是本保险的被保险人

  7.2.4 船长、高级船员或船员的欺诈恶行

  7.2.5 与航空器、直升飞机或类似物体，或从其上坠落的物体触碰，如果此种灭失并非由于被保险人、船东、管理人或船技主管或其岸上管理人员未谨慎处理所致。

  7.3 船长、高级船员、船员或引航员拥有保险船舶股份的，也不视作本条意义上的船东。

 

第8条 污染危险条款(Pollution Hazard)

 

8 POLLUTION HAZARD

  This insurance covers loss of the subject matter insured caused by any governmental authority acting under the powers vested in it to prevent or mitigate a pollution hazard or damage to the environment, or threat thereof, resulting directly from a peril covered by this insurance, provided that such act of governmental authority has not resulted from want of due diligence by the Assured, Owners or Managers to prevent or mitigate such hazard or damage, or threat thereof. Masters Officers Crew or Pilots not to be considered Owners within the meaning of this Clause 8 should they hold shares in the Vessel.

 

8 污染危险

本保险承保由于任何政府当局依其授权为防止或减少因保险标的应由保险人负责的损害直接引起的污染危险或环境损害或其威胁采取行动造成保险标的的损失，如果政府当局的此种行为不是由于保险船舶的被保险人、船东或管理人在防止或减轻此种危险或损害或其威胁采取行动方面未能谨慎处理所致。若船长、高级船员、船员或引航员持有保险船舶股份，不视为本第8条意义上的船东。

 

除了删除“损害”(damage)一词外，这些条款与1995年11月1日协会船舶定期保险条款的相应条款实质相同。其中将“保险船舶”用“保险标的”替换。见第100页至118页。

 

第9条 运费碰撞条款(Freight Collision)

 

9 FREIGHT COLLISION

  9.1 It is further agreed that if the Vessel shall come into collision with any other vessel and the Assure shall in consequence thereof become liable to pay and shall pay by way of damages to any other person or persons any sum or sums in respect of the amount of freight taken into account in calculating the measure of the liability of the Assured for

  9.1.1 loss of or damage to any other vessel or property on any other vessel

  9.1.2 delay to or loss of use of any such other vessel or property thereon

  9.1.3 general average of, salvage of, or salvage under contract of, any such other vessel or property thereon, the Underwriters will pay the Assured such proportion of three-fourths of such sum or sums so paid applying to freight as their respective subscriptions hereto bear to the total amount insured on freight, or to the gross freight earned on the voyage during which the collision occurred if this be greater.

  9.2 Provided always that:

  9.2.1 liability of the Underwriters in respect of any one such collision shall not exceed their proportionate part of three-fourths of the total amount insured hereon on freight, and in cases in which, with the prior consent in writing of the Underwriters, the liability of the vessel has been contested or proceedings have been taken to limit liability, they will also pay a like proportion of three-fourths of the costs, appertaining proportionately to the freight portion of damages, which the Assured shall thereby incur or be compelled to pay;

  9.2.2 no claim shall attach to this insurance:

  9.2.2.1 which attaches to any other insurance covering collision liabilities

  9.2.2.2 which is, or would be, recoverable in the terms of the Institute 3/4ths Collision Liability Clause if the Vessel were insured in the terms of such Institute 3/4ths Collision Liability Clause for a value not less than the equivalent in pounds sterling, at the time of commencement of this insurance, of the Vessel’s limit of liability calculated in accordance with Article 6.1(b) of the 1976 Limitation Convention,

  9.2.3 this Clause 9 shall in no case extend or be deemed to extend to any sum which the Assured may become liable to pay or shall pay for or in respect of:

  9.2.3.1 removal or disposal, under statutory powers or otherwise, of obstructions, wrecks, cargoes or any other thing whatsoever

  9.2.3.2 any real or personal property or thing whatsoever except other vessels or property on other vessels

  9.2.3.3 pollution or contamination, or threat thereof, of any real or personal property or thing whatsoever (except other vessels with which the insured Vessel is in collision or property on such other vessels) or damage to the environment, or threat thereof, save that this exclusion shall not extend to any sum which the Assured shall pay for or in respect of salvage remuneration in which the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimising damage to the environment as is referred to in Article 13 paragraph 1(b) of the International Convention of Salvage, 1989 have been taken into account

  9.2.3.4 the cargo or other property on or the engagements of the Vessel

  9.2.3.5 loss of life, personal injury or illness.

 

9 运费碰撞条款

  9.1 进一步同意，如果保险船舶与他船发生碰撞，被保险人因此有责任并应向任何其他人支付损害赔偿金额，在计算被保险人的责任限额时应考虑运费金额：