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《协会保险条款诠释》
-第一编 新保险条款简介

上传: 郭国汀 | 发布: 2011-4-3 02:31 | 作者: 郭国汀 | 来源: | 查看: 0

第五编第3章 集装箱保险

3 集装箱保险

(Insurance on Containers)

 

集装箱保险的格式表现了集装箱的混和性质。有些人认为它是被装上船运送的货物,其他人则认为它是用于运载货物的船舶的延伸,此种承保集装箱的保险含有摘选自承保货物和船舶的标准条款中的要素。集装箱经营人可以是船东,贷运代理Freight forwarder.指代表其客户安排经海上、陆地或空中将件货自一地运送至另一地点的公司。别称为Shipping and Forwarding AgentsForwarding Agents.译者注),或仅是为他人使用的travelling boxes的租箱人,但无论其经营的性质如何,他将会要求按相同的一般条件,对他的所有的集装箱投保,无论其位于何处,也无论其价值如何。因此,在风险开始时,向保险人显示详细的信息相当重要,这些信息将填写进保险单格式末端的附表(或附贴于保险单),且需要清楚地识别保险单承保的每个集装箱。

 

有两种协会格式可供选用:一种承保综合条件(综合险full condition),另一种仅承保全损、共同海损、救助、救助费用和施救费用。

 

下述评论涉及综合险格式。

 

198711日协会集装箱定期保险条款(Institute Container Clause ,Time)

 

本保险受英国法律和惯例的制约

This insurance is subject to English law and practice.

 

本条款的效果已在对货物保险条款(第38页)和船舶保险条款(第9091页的评论中考虑过。

 

承保风险(Risks covered)

 

RISKS COVERED

1                 Risks Clause  This insurance covers all risks of loss of or damage to the subject-matter insured, except as provided in Clauses 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 below.

2                 General Average Clause  This insurance covers general average salvage and salvage charges, adjusted or determined according to the contract of affreightment and/or the governing law and practice, incurred to avoid or in connection with the avoidance of loss from any cause except those excluded in Clauses 5, 6, 7 and 8 or elsewhere in this insurance, For the purpose of claims for general average contribution salvage and salvage charges recoverable hereunder the subject-matter insured shall be deemed to be insured for its full contributory value.

3                 “Both to Blame Collision Clause  This insurance is extended to indemnify the Assured against such proportion of liability under the contract of affreightment “Both to Blame Collision” Clause as is in respect of a loss recoverable hereunder. In the event of any claim by shipowners under the said Clause the Assured agree to notify the Underwriters who shall have the right, at their own cost and expense, to defend the Assured against such claim.

4                 Machinery Clause  The Underwriters shall only be liable under Clauses 1 and 2 above for loss of or damage to the machinery of the container

4.1  when the container is a total loss (actual or constructive)

4.2  when such damage is caused by

4.2.1               fire or explosion originating externally to the machinery

4.2.2               vessel or craft being stranded grounded sunk or capsized

4.2.3               overturning derailment or other accident to land conveyance or aircraft

4.2.4               collision or contract of vessel or craft with any external object other than water

4.2.5               general average sacrifice

4.2.6                

1 风险条款

 

本保险承保保险标的的灭失或损害的一切风险,但下述第45678条规定者除外。

 

2 共同海损条款

 

本保险承保为避免或与避免除了那些第5678条除外规定或本保险其他规定之外的损失而发生的共同海损、救助、救助费用,按货运合同及/或管辖法律和惯例进行的理算或测算。

 

为了下述可获赔偿的共同海损分摊,救助和救助费用索赔之目的,本保险标的应视为系按其全额分摊价值投保。

 

3 互有过失碰撞条款

 

本保险扩展承保被保险人根据海上货运合同互有过失碰撞条款按其过失责任分摊赔偿的下述有关可获赔偿的损失。万一船东根据该互有过失碰撞条款提出任何索赔,被保险人同意通知保险人,保险人有权自负费用和开支,为被保险人抗辩此种索赔。

 

4 机器条款

保险人仅对根据上述第1条,第2条集装箱的机器的灭失或损害负责赔偿:

4.1 当集装箱全损时(实际或推定全损)

4.2 当此种损害是由下述原因造成时:

4.2.1 源于该机器外部原因引起的火灾或爆炸

4.2.2 船舶或驳船搁浅、擦浅、沉没或倾覆

4.2.3 翻倒、脱轨或陆上运输工具或航空器的其他意外事故

4.2.4 船舶或驳船与除了水体以外的任何外部物体的碰撞或触碰

4.2.5 共同海损牺牲。

 

1 风险条款

 

本条措词与198211日协会货物保险(A)条款第1条相同。 “All risks of loss of or damage to subject-matter insured”(保险标的的灭失或损害的一切风险)。这些措词的含义已在第12页至第14页作过详细解释。

 

2 共同海损条款

 

本条第一段的格式,措词及效果完全与协会货物保险(A)条款第2条相同。在第16页至第18页已作解释。

 

3 互有过失碰撞条款

 

本条与协会货物保险(A)条款第3条相同,见第18页。

 

4 机器条款

 

本条的效果在于将灭失或损害的任何索赔限于因集装箱的机器(实际或推定)全损所致者,或对于部分损失索赔,则损害须是由于协会货物保险(C)条款列举的危险之一引起者。见第39页至42页的评论。还有进一步的限制,即在损害是由于火灾或爆炸造成的情况下,这必须是由于该机器本身以外的其他原因引起的。

 

除外(Exclusions)

 

5                 General Exclusion Clause  In no case shall this insurance cover

5.1  loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct of the Assured

5.2  ordinary wear and tear, ordinary corrosion and rust, or gradual deterioration

5.3  mysterious disappearance, unexplained loss and loss discovered upon taking inventory

5.4  loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insurred

5.5  loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay, even though the delay be caused by risk insured against (except expenses payable under Clause 2 above)

5.6  loss damages or expense arising from insolvency or financial default

5.7  loss damage or expense arising from

       unseaworthiness of vessel or craft,

       unfitness of vessel craft or conveyance for the safe carriage of the subject-matter insured,

       where the Assured or their servants are privy to such unseaworthiness or unfitness.

6                 War Exclusion Clause  In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense caused by

6.1  war civil war revolution rebellion insurrection, or civil strife arising therefrom, or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power

6.2  capture seizure arrest restraint or detainment (barratry and piracy excepted), and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat

6.3  derelict mines torpedoes bombs or other derelict weapons of war

6.4  confiscation nationalization requisition or pre-emption.

7                 Strike Exclusion Clause  In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense

7.1  caused by strikers, locked-out workmen, or persons taking part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotion

7.2  resulting from strikes, lock-outs, labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions

7.3  caused by any terrorist or any person acting from a political motive.

8                 Nuclear Exclusion Clause  In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense arising from any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter.

 

5 一般除外条款

本保险不承保:

5.1 可归因于被保险人故意渎职的灭失或损害

5.2 通常磨损,通常锈蚀,或逐渐变质(gradual deterioration)

5.3 密秘丢失,在还箱时发现的无法解释的损坏或损害

5.4 因保险标的的固有缺陷和性质引起的灭失或损害

5.5 由于延迟直接造成的灭失或损害,即便该延迟是由承保风险之一造成者(根据上述第2条应支付的费用除外)

5.6 由于破产或财务困境引起的灭失或损害

5.7 由于下述原因引起的灭失或损害:

    船舶或驳船的不适航

    船舶、驳船或运输工具不适合安全运载保险标的

若被保险人或其代理人对此种不适航或不适运有私谋。

 

6 战争除外条款

 

在任何情况下,本保险不承保由于下列原因造成的灭失,损害,责任或费用:

 

6.1 战争、内战、革命、叛乱、暴动或由此引起的内乱,或任何交战团体之间的敌对行为

 

6.2 捕获、扣押、扣留、管制或拘押(欺诈恶行和海盗除外),及这些行为引起的后果或进行这些行为的企图

 

6.3 被遗弃的水雷、鱼雷、炸弹或其他被弃遗的战争武器

6.4 没收、国有化、征用或先占

 

7 罢工除外条款

 

在任何情况下,本保险决不承保下列灭失、损害或费用

 

7.1 由罢工者、闭厂工人或参与劳资纠纷、暴乱或民事骚乱的人造成者

 

7.2 由于罢工、闭厂、劳资纠纷、暴乱或民事骚乱引起者

 

7.3 由任何恐怖分子或出于政治动机的人员造成者。

 

8 核除外条款

 

在任何情况下,本保险决不承保由于应用原子或核裂变和/或核聚变或其他类似反应或放射性力量或物质的任何战争武器引起的灭失、损害、责任或费用。

 

下述除外条款与协会货物保险条款中的除外条款对应:

在协会集装箱定期保险条款中的除外

在协会货物保险条款中的除外

5.1对应

4.4

5.5对应

4.5

5.7对应

5.1

对这些除外的解释见上述第1923页有关协会货物保险(A)条款的评论。

5.2款的除外是基于1906《海上保险法》55条第2C项规定的习惯除外。“通常锈蚀”(ordinary corrosion and rust)及“逐渐变质”(gradual deterioration)仅仅是通常磨损的现象和例子。

 

“5.3 Mysterious disappearance, unexplained loss and loss discovered upon taking inventory”(密秘丢失,在还箱时发现的无法解释的损坏或损害

 

这些措词反映了由被保险人承担证明其遭受了某项损失及根据“一切险”承保的灭失或损害应是意外原因造成的举证责任的一般法律原则。见第13页的解释。

 

“5.6 Loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or financial default”(由于破产或财务困境引起的灭失或损害

 

本款与协会货物保险条款第4.6款的不同之处在于造成灭失或损害的破产或财务困境的人们是不特定的。或许伦敦保险市场将该除外引进集装箱保险的现行格式,是为了能够拒绝在将来万