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《协会保险条款诠释》
-第一编 新保险条款简介

上传: 郭国汀 | 发布: 2011-4-3 02:38 | 作者: 郭国汀 | 来源: | 查看: 0

第六编第4章: 运费保险

4章: 运费保险

(Insurances on Freight)

 

1995111日协会运费定期战争和罢工险条款(Institute War and Strikes Clauses, Freight-Time)

 

This insurance is subject to English law and practice.

本保险受英国法律和惯例的制约。

 

1 危险条款

Clause 1-Perils

  Subject always to the exclusions hereinafter referred to, this insurance covers

  1.1 loss (total or partial )of the subject-matter insured caused by

1.1.1    war civil war revolution rebellion insurrection, or civil strife arising therefrom, or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power

1.1.2    capture seizure arrest restraint or detainment, and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat

1.1.3    derelict mines torpedoes bombs or other derelict weapons of war

1.2 loss (total or partial) of the subject-matter insured arising from loss of or damage to the Vessel caused by

1.2.1          trikers, locked-out workmen, or persons taking part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions

1.2.2          any terrorist or any person acting maliciously or from a political motive

1.2.3          confiscation or expropriation.

受下述提及的各项除外责任的制约,本保险承保:

1.1 保险标的因下列原因造成的损失(全损或部分损失)

1.1.1 战争、内战、革命、叛乱、暴动、或由此引起的内乱、或交战团体之间的任何敌对行动

1.1.2 捕获、扣押、扣留、管制或拘押,及由此引起的后果或采取这些行动的任何威胁企图

1.1.3 被遗弃的水雷、鱼雷、炸弹或其他被遗弃的战争武器

1.2 由于下列原因造成船舶灭失或损害引起保险标的的损失(全损或部分损失):

1.2.1 罢工者、闭厂工人、参与工潮、暴乱或民事骚乱的人员

1.2.2 任何恐怖分子或恶意行为或出于政治动机行为的人员

1.2.3 没收或征用.

 

本条款出现于1983101日和1995111协会运费定期战争和罢工险条款

应当注意,在承保的列明危险与出现在协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款中的相应条款相同的同时,在其实施方式上有一种重要区别。由第1.1.1 1.1.21.1.3项列明的战争或“类似战争”的危险造成的任何运费损失,无论是全损还是部分损失,应当根据本保险理赔。反之,第1.2.11.2.21.2.3项承保的“罢工”风险,仅对那些危险造成船舶灭失或损害引起的无论是全损还是部分损失的运费损失承担责任。

这种限制的理由作者完全不明白。举例而言,如果船东已约定运送的货物在码头上等侯装船期间,被参加工潮的人们损害:

-货主将遭受由协会货物罢工险条款承保的损失,然而

-承担运费风险的船东,将无权收取有关他已约定运送货物的任何运费,但是这一损失并不受协会运费定期战争和罢工险条款承保。

同样地,船东应承担直至实际交付之时任何运费损失的风险,因此,船东可能遭受在运送期间交付货物之前,由“罢工”危险造成的货物灭失引起的后果,此种后果不在本保险承保之列。

 

2 并入条款(Incorporation)

The Institute Time Clauses-Freight 1/11/95 except Clauses 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 are deemed to be incorporated in this insurance in so far as they do not conflict with the provisions of these clauses.

Held covered in case of breach of warranty as to towage or salvage services provided notice be given to the Underwriters immediately after receipt of advices and any additional premium required by them be agreed.

1995111协会运费定期保险条款,除了第234567121718192021条之外,就其不与这些条款的规定冲突而言,均视为被并入本保险。

在违反拖带和救助服务方面的保证时,假如在接到该违反的通知后,立即通知了保险人,并同意保险人要求的任何附加保险费,得续保。

 

值得一提的是,协会运费定期保险条款的并入远未完善。自驳船运至船舶,及自船舶运至驳船的风险(协会运费定期保险条款第2条)不包括在内,没有延续条款(Continuation Clause)且在违反保证的情况下,被保险人得续保的情况被限于当船舶提供拖带或救助服务时,受制于有关通知和支付保险人要求的任何附加保险费的情形。

另一方面,包含在协会运费定期保险条款中的免赔额条款未并入战争和罢工险条款,因此,当发生根据这些条款承保的战争和罢工险造成运费部分损失时,将按全额索赔额赔付,而不考虑按比例扣减。

 

3 拘押条款(Detainment)

In the event that a claim for a constructive total loss of the Vessel is paid on the war risks insurance of the Vessel under Clause 3 (Detainment) of the Institute War and Strikes Clauses-Hulls-Time 1/11/95 or the Institute War and Strikes Clause-Hulls-Voyage 1/11/95 as a result of the loss of the free use and disposal of the Vessel for a continuous period of 12 months due to capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, detainment, confiscation or expropriation whilst this insurance is in force, the amount insured hereunder shall be paid in full less any claims otherwise arising during the said period of 12 months which nave been paid or are recoverable hereunder or under insurance subject to the Institute Time Clauses –Freight 1/11/95 and/or the Institute Voyage Clauses-Freight 1/11/95 and any recoveries made in respect of the said period.

如果船舶推定全损的索赔已根据1995111协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款1995111协会船舶航次战争和罢工险条款3条(拘押条款)船舶战争险保险理赔,由于在保险生效期间船舶被捕获、扣押、扣留、管制、拘押、没收或征用,被保险人因此已丧失对保险船舶的自由使用和处分连续12个月,应全额赔付保险金额,但应扣减在该12个月期间已经赔付的任何索赔款,或根据本保险可获补偿的金额或根据受1995111协会运费定期保险条款/1995111协会运费航次保险条款制约的保险及有关该期间获得的任何补偿。

 

本条与1983年格式的相应条款相似。

本条的一般效果在于:如果由于在本保险生效期间,保险船舶被捕获、扣押、扣留、管制、拘押、没收或征用,被保险人因此已丧失对保险船舶的“自由使用和处分”连续12个月,对符合船舶战争险保险的索赔,应当根据签署的运费战争和罢工险条款的保险全额赔付。当然,如果对于依据运费战争和罢工险条款可赔付的损失已作出任何临时支付,根据本条款应从总赔款中作相应扣减。

 

4 除外条款(Exclusions)

  This insurance excludes

1.1            loss (total or partial) or expense arising from

1.1.1      the outbreak of war (whether there be a declaration of war or not )between any of the following countries:

United Kingdom, United States of America, France, the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China

1.1.2      requisition, either for title or use, or pre-emption

1.1.3      capture seizure arrest restraint detainment confiscation or expropriation by or under the order of the government or any public or local authority of the country in which the Vessel is owned or registered

1.1.4      arrest restraint detainment confiscation or expropriation under quarantine regulations or by reason of infringement of any customs or trading regulations

1.1.5      the operation of ordinary judicial process, failure to provide security or to pay any fine or penalty or any financial cause

1.1.6      piracy (but this exclusion shall not affect cover under Clause 1.2.1),

4.2  loss (total or partial) or expense directly or indirectly caused by or contributed to by or arising from

4.2.1     ionising radiation from or contamination by radioactivity from any nuclear fuel or from any nuclear waste or from the combustion of nuclear fuel

4.2.2     the radioactive, toxic, explosive or other hazardous or contaminating properties of any nuclear installation, reactor or other nuclear assembly or nuclear component thereof

4.2.3     any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter,

4.3           loss (total or partial) or expense covered by the Institute Time Clauses-Freight-Voyage 1/11/95) for any sum recoverable under any other insurance on the subject-matter insured or which would be recoverable under such insurance but for the existence of this insurance.

4.4           Any claim (not being a claim recoverable under the Institute War and Strikes Clauses Freight-Voyage 1/11/95) for any sum recoverable under any other insurance on the subject-matter insured or which would be recoverable under such insurance but for the existence of this insurance,

4.5           Loss proximately caused by delay or any claim for expenses arising from delay except such expenses as would be recoverable in principle in English law and practice under the York-Antwerp Rules 1994,

4.6           Any claim based upon loss of or frustration of any voyage or adventure.

本保险不承保:

4.1 由于下列原因引起的损失(全损或部分损失)或费用:

4.1.1 在下列国家之间爆发战争(无论宣战与否)

  英国、美国、法国、俄国、中国

4.1.2 征购、无论是为所有权还是使用权,或征用

4.1.3 由保险船舶所有国或登记国的政府、公共或地方权力机关或根据其命令实施的捕获、扣押、扣留、管制、拘押、没收或征收

4.1.4 根据检疫法规或由于违反海关或贸易法规引起的扣留、管制、拘押、没收或征收

4.1.5 实施普通司法程序,未提供担保,或未支付罚金或罚款或任何财务原因

4.1.6 海盗(但本项除外不影响根据第1.2.1项承保的风险)。

4.2 由于下列原因直接或间接引起或可归因于或造成的损失(全损或部分损失)或费用:

4.2.1 任何核燃料或核废料或从核燃料的燃烧产生的放射性或电离辐射污染

4.2.2 任何核装置、反应堆或其他核装备或核组件的放射性、毒性、爆炸性或污染物质

4.2.3 应用原子或核裂变和/或聚变或其他类似反应或放射性力量或物质制造的任何战争武器。

4.3 根据1995111日协会运费定期保险条款承保的,或除了第12条之外可据此获赔的损失(全损或部分损失)或费用

4.4 根据任何其他对保险船舶的保险可获赔偿的(并非根据1995111日协会运费航次战争和罢工险条款可获赔偿的索赔),或非因本保险的存在便可根据此种保险获得赔偿的任何索赔金额。

4.5 延迟直接造成的损失或因延迟引起的任何费用的索赔,但依英国法律和惯例及1994《约克安特卫普规则》原则上可获赔偿的费用除外。

4.6 基于航程或冒险损失或落空的任何索赔。

 

本条的措辞在1995年按照与协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款中的除外条款相同的方式作了修改。参见第311313页的解释,尤其是第4.1.44.1.5项(在协会船舶战争和罢工险条款中的相应条款为第5.1.45.1.5项),在有关运费保险的 “The Wondrous”[1]被加以考虑。

4.34.4款排除可根据协会运费定期保险条款或任何其他运费保险获得赔偿的任何索赔,但依据航次保险基于相似条款,对于战争和罢工险的运费保险可获赔偿的索赔除外(except for claims recoverable in the event that the insurances on freight for War and Strikes risks are supplemented by a voyage insurance on similar terms)

4.5款与协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款的相应条款相比,措辞明显不同。延迟引起的费用不在承保之列,但根据《约克安特卫普规则》许可的为分摊共同海损而扣押的费用除外。此外,本保险排除由于延迟直接引起的任何运费损失,这反映了这一事实:由于此原因引起的运费损失,不能根据承保海上危险的保险单获得赔偿(见协会运费定期保险条款第15条:“因时间损失引起的任何索赔”)[2]他们也不能作为共同海损(见《约克安特卫普规则》规则C)。

4.6款排除基于任何航程或冒险损失或落空的任何索赔,在协会货物战争和罢工险条款中有其相应的条款。在Atlantic Maritime Co.Inc.v. Gibbon案中[3]考虑了该条款。该案中船舶被承租在一个中国港口装载货物,当时该港口在中国内战期间控制在共产党军队手中。在该港口等侯装船时,船长接到政府军队一位军官的警告:要其离开该港口,以免万一政府军队袭击该港口使船舶受损。船长听从该警告,将船舶驶离该港口。上诉法院的法官们判决租船合同下的合同履行已落空。虽然法官们对于是否存在“君主的管制”未取得一致意见,但他们一致同意该索赔因“落空条款”被除外。

 

5 终止条款(Termination)

  5.1 This insurance may be cancelled by either the Underwriters or the Assured giving 7 days notice (such cancellation becoming effective on the expiry of 7 days from midnight of the day on which notice of cancellation is issued by or to the Underwriters). The Underwriters agree however to reinstate this insurance subject to agreement between the Underwriters and the Assured prior to the expiry of such notice of cancellation as to new rate of premium and/or conditions and/or warranties.

  5.2 Whether or not such notice of cancellation has been given this insurance shall TERMINATE AUTOMATICALLY

  5.2.1 upon the outbreak of war (whether there be a declaration of war or not) between any of the following countries:

United Kingdom, United States of America, France, the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China

  5.2.2 in the event of the Vessel being requisitioned, either for title or use.

  5.3  In the event either of cancellation by notice or of automatic termination of this insurance by reason of the operation of this Clasue 5, or of the sale of the Vessel, pro rata net return of premium shall be payable to the Assured.

  

5.1 本保险得由保险人或被保险人提前7天发出通知而注消(此种注消自保险人发出或收到注消通知的当日午夜起届满7天时生效)。不过,受保险人与被保险人在此种注消通知届满前就新的保险费率及/或条件和/或保证达成了协议的制约,保险人同意恢复本保险。

5.2 无论是否已发出此种注消通知,本保险在下列情况下自动终止。

5.2.1 在下列任何国家之间爆发战争(无论宣战争与否)

    英国、美国、法国、俄国、中国

5.2.2 若保险船舶被征用(无论是为所有权还是使用权)

5.3 若本保险因注消通知而注消或因本第5条规定的原因或因保险船舶出售自动终止时,净保险费应按比例退还给被保险人。

 

    本条与协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款6条相同。见第314页的解释。

然后是注意事项:

this insurance shall not become effective if, subsequent to its acceptance by the Underwriters and prior to the intended time of its attachment, there has occurred any event which would have automatically terminated this insurance under the provisions of Clause 5 above.

如果在保险人接受保险之后,在约定的生效时间之前,发生了任何根据上述第5条将导致自动终止本保险的事件,本保险将不生效。

 

    本注意事项亦与协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款中的注意事项相同。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



[1] see n.29 above.

[2] See commentary on pp.234-236.

[3] [1953] 2 Lloyd’s Rep.294.