设为首页】【收藏本站】【繁體

《协会保险条款诠释》
-第一编 新保险条款简介

上传: 郭国汀 | 发布: 2011-4-3 02:13 | 作者: 郭国汀 | 来源: | 查看: 0

第四编第2章 额外责任

2 额外责任

(Excess Liability)

 

在讨论主条款时我们已了解到,对于救助、共同海损及施救费用的索赔均受有关任何不足额保险及仅承保保险价值3/4的碰撞责任的制约。因此,船东为“额外责任”办理附加保险相当普遍。

 

在船舶保险单中万一出现船舶不足额保险时,使他们能够获得高于船舶保险单下可获赔金额的任何特定分摊或责任的附加额外保险。

 

Holman & Sons v. Merchants’ Marine Insurance Company案中,[1]一艘船按39000英镑的价值投保船舶保险,此外,船东还对船体和机器办理了1855年英镑的增值附加保险,承保风险包括“船体和机器应分摊的超过(在船舶保险单中)保险价值的共同海损和救助费用,船舶应负的任何责任”。由于船舶在船舶保险单中不足额保险的事实,船东无法根据该保险单全额索赔船舶应分摊的共同海损和救助费用。被保险人的律师辩称:根据增值和额外责任保险单,他们有权索赔全部亏损,直至全部保险金额。法院判决被保险人只能索赔该1855英镑分别除以全部超额救助价值和全部超额分摊价值的额外价值的保险金额的比例部分(such proportion of the sum insured against excess liability as the 1855 bore to the total excess valuation for salvage and the total excess contributory value respectively.)

 

某些简单的数字可以说明根据额外责任保险单评估索赔的正确方法。

获救价值                10000            支付了2000镑的救助费

船壳保险单中的保险价值  10000

扣除损害                 2000

                         8000             支付1600

额外价值                 2000             支付400

额外责任保险金额1800    应支付

1800/2000×400                                  360

 

现行的条款是:

A.协会船舶额外责任定期保险条款1/11/95(Institute Time Clauses, Hulls: Excess Liabilities)

 

This insurance is subject to English law and practice

本保险受英国法律和惯例制约

 

1

1.1 This insurance covers only:

1.1.1     General Average, Salvage and Salvage Charges recoverable under the insurance on hull and machinery but not recoverable in full by reason of the difference between the insured value of the Vessel as stated therein (or any reduced value arising from the deduction therefrom in process of adjustment of any claim which law or practice or the terms of the insurance covering hull and machinery may have required) and the value of the Vessel adopted for the purpose of contribution to general average, salvage or salvage charges, the liability under this insurance being for such proportion of the amount not recoverable as the amount insured hereunder bears to the said difference or to the total sum insured against excess liabilities if it exceed such difference.

1.1.2     Sue and Labour Charges recoverable under the insurance on hull and machinery but not recoverable in full by reason of the difference between the insured value of the Vessel as stated therein and the value of the Vessel adopted for the purpose of ascertaining the amount recoverable under the insurance on hull and machinery, the liability under this insurance being for such proportion of the amount not recoverable as the amount insured hereunder bears to the said difference or to the total sum insured against excess liabilities if it exceed such difference.

1.1.3     Collision liability(three-fourths) recoverable under the Institute 1/4ths Collision Liability and Sistership Clauses in the insurances on hull and machinery but not recoverable in full by reason of such three-fourths liability exceeding three-fourths of the insured value of the Vessel as stated therein, in which case the amount recoverable under this insurance shall be such proportion of the difference so arising as the amount insured hereunder bears to the total sum insured against excess liabilities.

1.2           The Underwriters’ liability under 1.1.1, 1.1.2 and 1.1.3 separately, in respect of any one claim, shall not exceed the amount insured hereunder.

 

1.1    本保险只承保:

1.1.1        共同海损、救助和救助费用根据本船体和机器保险可以获得补偿但未获全额补偿,是由于船舶的保险价值(或在理赔过程中按承保船体和机器保险的法律、惯例或条款要求予以扣减后减少了的价值)与船舶分摊了共同海损、救助或救助费用之后的价值之间存在差额,根据本保险的责任,按照本保险的保险金额与该差额的比例,或当承保额外责任的保险金额总和超过该差额时,按本保险的保险金额与该保险金额的总和的比例,承担责任。

 

1.1.2        施救费用根据本船体和机器保险可以获得补偿,但未获全额补偿,是由于船舶的保险价值与为确定根据船体和机器保险的补偿额采用的船舶价值之间存在差额,本保险下的责任为按照本保险的保险金额与该差额的比例,或当承保额外的保险金额总和超过该差额时,按本保险的保险金额与该保险金额的总和的比例,承担责任。

 

1.1.3        3/4)碰撞责任根据协会船体和机器3/4碰撞责任条款和姐妹船条款可以获得补偿,但未获全额补偿,是由于此种3/4碰撞责任超过了保险船舶的3/4保险金额而存在差额,本保险下可获补偿的金额,按本保险的保险金额与承保额外责任的保险金额的总和的比例计算。

 

1.2    保险人分别根据上述1.1.1, 1.1.21.1.3项的责任,有关任何一次索赔,不得超过本保险的保险金额。

 

2 退费条款

 

2 RETURNS

To return pro rata monthly net for each uncommenced month if this insurance be cancelled by agreement.

 

2 退费

若本保险经协议解除,每一未开始的月份的净保险费按月比例退还。

 

The following clauses shall be paramount and shall override anything contained in this insurance inconsistent therewith.

下述条款为首要条款,任何与本保险规定不一致者均以本保险规定为准。

 

3 战争除外条款

 

3 WAR EXCLUSION

In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense caused by

3.1 war civil war revolution rebellion insurrection, or civil strife arising therefrom, or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power

3.2 capture seizure arrest restraint or detainment (barratry and piracy excepted), and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat

3.3 derelict mines torpedoes bombs or other derelict weapons of war.

 

3 战争除外

在任何情况下,本保险不承保由下列原因引起的灭失、损害、责任和费用。

 

3.1 战争、内战、革命、叛乱、暴动或由此引起的内乱、或任何交战团体之间的敌对行为

 

3.2 捕获、扣押、扣留、管制或拘押(船长、船员的欺诈恶行和海盗除外)及这些行为的后果或进行这些行为的任何企图

 

3.3 遗弃的水雷、鱼雷、炸弹或其他遗弃的战争武器。

 

4 罢工除外条款

 

4 STRIKES EXCLUSION

In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense caused by

4.1 strikers, lock-out workmen, or persons taking part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions

4.2 any terrotist or any person acting from a political motive.

 

4 罢工除外

在任何情况下,本保险不承保由下列原因引起的灭失、损害、责任和费用

 

4.1 罢工者、闭厂工人、或参加劳资纠纷、暴乱或民事骚乱的人员

 

4.2 任何恐怖分子或出于政治动机行事的任何人员

 

5 恶意行为除外条款

 

5 MALICIOUS ACTS EXCLUSION

In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense arising from

5.1 the detonation of an explosive

5.2 any weapon of war and caused by any person acting maliciously or from a political motive.

 

5 恶意行为除外

在任何情况下,本保险不承保由下列原因引起的灭失、损害、责任或费用

 

5.1 炸药爆炸

 

5.2 任何战争武器、及由于任何人的恶意行为或出于政治动机引起者

 

6 放射性污染除外条款

 

6 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION EXCLUSION CALUSE

In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage liability or expense directly or indirectly caused by or contributed to by or arising from

6.1 ionising radiations from or contamination by radioactivity from any nuclear fuel or from any nuclear waste or from the combustion of nuclear fuel

6.2 the radioactive, toxic, explosive or other hazardous or contaminating properties of any nuclear installation, reactor or other nuclear assembly or nuclear component thereof

6.3 any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force of matter.

 

6 放射性污染除外

 

在任何情况下,本保险均不承保由下列原因直接或间接造成,引起或可归因于其的灭失、损害、责任或费用

 

6.1 来自任何核燃料、核废料或核燃烧的电离辐射或放射性污染

 

6.2 任何核装置、核反应堆、其他核组件或核元件的放射性的,有毒的,爆炸性的,或其他危险性或沾污性的特性;

 

6.3 应用原子或核裂变和/或聚变或其他类似反应或放射性力量或特质的任何战争武器。

 

下面着重讨论与1983101日版协会船舶定期保险条款的异同之处:

 

1条中:“根据船体和机器保险可获赔偿但未获全额补偿”(recoverable under the insurances on hull and machinery but not recoverable in full)

 

本来已够复杂的用语由于附加了额外的措辞变得更加复杂。推测起来增加这些用语旨在明示先前用“未获全额补偿”的词组默示得相当清楚的意思,亦即索赔必须符合船体和机器保险单规定的条件,仅是由于不足额保险才不可获得补偿。

 

在第6条中:放射性污染除外条款取代了核除外条款,或用另一种方式表述,6.16.2款是1995111日格式新增加的。

 

各项除外条款原则上等同于协会船舶定期保险条款中相应的条款,见第155156页。

 

这些条款实体部分包含在第1条。第1.1款确认了在Holman v.Merchant’s Marine Insurance Company(见第208页)案中确立的原则。其中部分用语值得一提:

 

“(或在理赔过程中按承保船体和机器保险的法律、惯例或条款要求予以扣减后降低的价值)”(or any reduced value arising from the deduction therefrom in process of adjustment of any claim which law or practice or the terms of the insurances covering hull and machinery may have required)

 

如果船舶保险单受英国法律和惯例制约,计算责任的基础由海损理算师实务规则第B33 条规定:

 

B33 保险人的责任

 

如果船、货承保高于其分摊价值,保险人支付评定的分摊价值。但在承保价值低于该分摊价值之场合,保险人支付该保险价值;当存在构成自船舶的分摊价值的某种扣除的单独海损损害赔偿时,必须从保险人分摊的保险价值中扣除。

 

在分摊的基础并非保险物品的净价值时,这一规则对于外国理算不适用。

 

实务中,适用上述规则确定保险人对于共同海损和救助费用分摊的责任,应自保险人负有责任的所有损失和费用的保险价值中扣除,且(该责任)已自(船舶)抵达时的分摊价值中扣除。

 

保险人对于运费的共同海损分摊和救助费用责任,应根据1906《海上保险法》73条的规定,通过比较遭遇风险时的毛运费数额(而非净运费数额)与保险价值(在定值保险单下)或可保价值(若为不定值保险单)确定。

 

应自保险人负有责任的所有损失和费用的保险价值中扣除及该责任已自(船舶)抵达时的分摊价值中扣除的原因在于确保用于比较的两种数额均是基于相同的基础而准备的。

 

当承保额外责任的保险金额总和超过该差额时,按本保险的保险金额与该保险金额的总和的比例,承担责任”(recoverable as the amount insured hereunder bears to the said difference or to the total sum insured against excess liabilities if it exceed such difference)

 

划线部分的措辞承保存在两个以上额外责任且保险单下的保险金额总和超过该额外保险价值金额的情形。在此种情况下,保险金额分别相加,第一份保险单按其比例分担任何额外责任。

 

1.2款将根据保险单的每一条款有关任何一次索赔的全部责任限于保险金额范围内。

 

B.协会船舶营运费用和增加价值(全损险,包括额外责任)定期保险条款(Institute Time Clauses, Hulls: Disbursements and Increased Value (Total Loss only, including Excess Liabilities)(1/11/95)

 

这些条款设计用于提供两方面的保险。

 

-船舶营运费用和增加价值,仅在索赔是基于船壳保险单的全损或推定全损时,才应偿付保险金额,或在推定全损的情况下按比例赔偿。

 

-额外责任。

 

由于我们已经评论过协会船舶定期保险条款,下面我们将着重讨论与1983年版本异同之处:

 

1至第5条:航行;延续;违反保证;船级和终止条款。(Navigation; Continuation; Breach of Warranty; Classification and Termination)

 

本保险受英国法律和惯例制约。

 

1 航行条款

 

1 NAVIGATION

1.1  The subject-matter insured is covered subject to the provisions of this insurance at all times and the Vessel has leave to sail or navigate with or without pilots, to go on trial trips and to assist and tow vessels or craft in distress, but it is warranted that the Vessel shall not be towed, except as is customary or to the first safe port or place when in need o